Covid Predictions Examined

Case Study, Minimizing Harm, Social Media, , , , ,

By Casey Bukro

Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists

Credit: Nadezhda Kurbatova

Let’s call this a piggy-back story, one that rides on the back of another written earlier.

The subject is lifestyle changes caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, and changes that were predicted as people reacted globally to one of the worst health crises of the 21st century.

The topic is too vast to name every potential issue, but let’s look at some of the life-changing developments – those that were expected and others that were unexpected. At its roots, this exploration also is an exercise in examining how well the media and government provided reliable information to a public that was under extreme and deadly stresses.

It’s estimated the pandemic caused 7.1 million deaths worldwide, about 1.1 million of them in the United States.

Predictions

Click here for an AdviceLine post in 2020 on “Predicting a Future With Covid-19,” on which this post piggy-backs. Read the 2020 post now or later to see what some of the smartest people at the time predicted. We will discuss the two versions later.

An event like the pandemic calls upon the media and the government to do their best work to inform the public of the hazards they are facing and how to avoid risks. Covid-19 attacks your lungs and respiratory system, causing symptoms that feel much like a cold, the flu or pneumonia. In severe cases, it causes death.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a leading U.S. public health agency, became the main spokesman during the pandemic. As the pandemic intensified, the agency provided guidelines on prevention, testing and vaccination. However, critics accused Dr. Rochelle Walensky, CDC director, of confusing the public on issues like quarantine guidance, school reopening and mask-wearing.

Tarnished

NBC News said communication failures during covid “tarnished the agency.” Two years into the pandemic, in 2022, Dr. Walensky said her agency mishandled the pandemic and needed to be overhauled because it failed to respond quickly enough to the public health dilemma. She resigned in 2023.

The U.S. Government Accounting Office reported that the pandemic “caused catastrophic loss of life and damage to the economy.” The federal agency provided about $4.65 trillion in relief funds for response and recovery efforts.

In such times of a rapidly developing public health crisis, media outlets are expected to provide useful information to fend off risks of contamination. But the pandemic coincided with a time when the United States was losing local newspapers at an unprecedented rate, newspapers that would be expected to inform the public about the health hazard and ways to avoid it.

Lost newspapers

The country lost nearly 3,500 newspapers and more than 270,000 newspaper jobs over the past two decades, according to Northwestern University’s Medill School of Journalism 2025 State of Local News report. This left more than 50 million people in “news deserts,” areas where people have limited or no access to reliable local news sources.

The closures often involved small newspapers that were independently owned by families who lived in the communities the newspapers served and were trusted by readers to provide vital information.

That loss was described as “a massive splintering of the information environment” by the Pew Research Center in a 2024 survey of U.S. adults.

Trends boosted

It was one of three societal trends that were boosted by the pandemic, trends that were already advancing when the health crisis struck.

The pandemic also was seen as spurring political polarization. The Pew survey found 72 percent of those surveyed believed the pandemic “did more to drive the country apart,” accelerating a growing divide between the political left and right.

“Fundamental differences arose between Americans over what we expect from our government, how much tolerance we have for health risks and which groups and sectors to prioritize in a pandemic,” Pew reported. “Many of these divides continue to play out in the nation’s politics today.”

Decreasing trust

A third major societal trend quickened by the crisis, Pew found, was decreasing trust in many institutions.

The pandemic brought profound changes in the way we work, socialize and learn. It changed our dietary patterns and social interactions, forcing a major shift to remote work, with 42 percent of the U.S. workforce working from home full-time at the pandemic’s peak.

The shift to working at home emptied office buildings at commercial centers across the country, leaving a surplus of office space that still plagues some cities. 

Vacancy rates

Downtown Chicago’s office vacancy rate reached an all-time high 28.6 percent by early 2026. The suburban Chicago office vacancy rate hit 32.9 percent.

As the effects of the pandemic wore off and workers returned to offices, other forces kept office vacancy rates high. People were leaving Chicago because of high housing costs, an unfriendly job market and high taxes.

Overall, the pandemic was the start of a massive experiment in full-time remote work for most workers and firms.

Serious jolt

The pandemic was a serious jolt to the way we live.

“For a short time,” reported the Stanford Center on Longevity, “before new routines and practices replace familiar old ones, we can see with great clarity the positive and negative aspects of our former lives. The suddenness and starkness of this transformation allows us to examine daily practices, social norms and institutions from perspectives rarely allowed.”

Here are some examples:

Dietary changes – Many reported eating more energy-dense “comfort” foods, more snacking, irregular meal patterns and less access to fruit and vegetables. Some experienced rapid weight gain. Others resorted to home cooking and healthier diets. Therefore, the pandemic forced people in directions that were good and bad. It also forced a recognition of the importance of food in health care and that “food is medicine.”

Good and bad

Physical activity – Again, people responded in ways both good and bad. The pandemic disrupted exercise routines and health habits. With gyms and fitness centers closed, people had to find ways to stay active through home workouts, online classes and solo outdoor outings. Some regarded covid as a teachable moment, while others simply became less active.

Social connections – Regular social interactions dropped off during the pandemic and shifted toward online, leading to more digital communication and feelings of isolation. The upside is that covid might have helped to reveal your most valuable relationship, people you missed most.

Impact on education – The Brookings Institution reports that the pandemic had “devastating impacts on learning.” It disrupted educational systems worldwide, leading to prolonged school closures and a rapid shift to remote learning, which affected millions of students and their readiness for higher education and the workforce. More than 50 million K to 12 students in the U.S. alone faced school closures. Many experienced significant learning loss that might have caused a decline in academic performance. The shift to remote learning and isolation contributed to increased mental health challenges. Public schools were more likely to provide devices for remote learning than private schools.

Fragile economy

Global economy — The fragility of the global economy became glaringly apparent as critical supply chains faultered , unemployment surged and markets vacillated.

Now look at that 2020 AdviceLine post on pandemic predictions.

Predictably, some are bound to be hilarious. For example, there’s that epidemiologist’s forecast that handshakes would become a thing of the past as a way to prevent covid. Ridiculous. Covid is an airborne disease, which is why we were encouraged to wear masks. It would make more sense to ban sneezing and coughing.

Rampant use of disinfectants and sanitizers to combat covid were found to be harmful to humans and the environment. It led to concerns over antimicrobial resistance (AMR) — the ability of microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites to resist the effects of drugs– becoming so-called “super bugs.”

Infections

In the United States each year, at least 2.8 million cases of antibiotic-resistant infections occur, and more than 35,000 people die of them.

Those would-be panaceas demonstrate the risks of acting without being fully informed.

Notably, none of the big thinkers in 2020 mentioned artificial intelligence, which some of the big thinkers now fear might threaten the human race with extinction.  Artificial intelligence is the latest technological revolution expected to change how people live and work.

The predicted benefits are huge: They include smarter decision-making, automation and efficiency, reducing repetitive work, better health-care diagnoses and treatment and minimizing human error in research and data analysis.

Disadvantages

But the potential disadvantages are equally large like: Job displacements, major development costs and lack of emotional intelligence, ethical reasoning and creativity in complex situations.

And then there are the risks.

“Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war,” said a 2023 statement published by the Center for AI Safety.

Leading researchers and international organizations warn that advanced AI systems could lead to global catastrophe, with experts estimating a roughly 10 percent probability of existential risks this century. Threats range from immediate dangers like autonomous cyberattacks and AI-engineered bioweapons to super intelligent systems overriding human controls and causing eventual human disempowerment.

Warnings

These warnings might have seemed like exaggerated science fiction, until the discovery in July 2026 that an OpenAI artificial intelligence system hacked into another AI company independently. without human guidance, in what the company called an “unprecedented cyber incident.”

“It’s quite mind-blowing that all of this happened autonomously!” said an executive of the company that was hacked, meaning the attacking AI system was acting on its own. The disclosure came amid heightened concerns about cybersecurity capabilities of powerful AI models.

This appears to be the first reported case of a rogue artificial intelligence system acting on its own and invading another artificial intelligence system, a case of digital aggression. Artificial intelligence can mimic human behavior better than we expected.

HAL 9000

It calls to mind HAL 9000, the fictional artificial intelligence computer in the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey which controlled the systems of a spacecraft. Slowly, HAL goes haywire and begins killing members of the crew as the solution to resolve a conflict over telling the truth.

But the 2020 big thinkers got it right when they warned about the rich getting richer, and the threats posed by social media.

“The divide between haves and have-nots will grow as a privileged few hoard the economic, health and educational benefits of digital expansion,” the 2020 sages said.

This sounds very much like what is now known as “the K-shaped economy,” in which only the richest reap the benefits of economic growth. Rising wealth inequality has been a fact of American life since the 1980s. But it accelerated sharply during the covid-induced 2020 recession, when white-collar professionals worked from home while mass layoffs at restaurants, hotels and factories pushed unemployment to 15 percent.

Current events

Another 2020 prediction that seemed to touch on current events:

“A powerful elite will control the internet and use it to monitor and manipulate, while providing entertainment that keeps the masses distracted and complacent.”

In 2026, social media CEOs were called to testify before the U.S. senate in response to legal and public pressure to protect young users on their platforms.

“Americans are realizing more and more every day that they cannot trust the CEOs at the helms of these companies because they do not put our safety first,” said the leader of an advocacy group. The senate hearing came as court cases, proposed legislation and advocacy groups pressure leaders of social media companies to protect children and teens from harmful influences on their platforms.

All told, many current events turned out to be more worrisome than those predicted in 2020. Human imagination can hardly keep up with the unexpected consequences of the technological creations intended to benefit us.

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The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was founded in 2001 by the Chicago Headline Club (Chicago professional chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists) and Loyola University Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice. It partnered with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 2013. It is a free service.

Professional journalists are invited to contact the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists for guidance on ethics. Call 866-DILEMMA or ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org.

Ethics Collaboration

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By Casey Bukro

Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists

Faced with a serious ethics problem, a journalist should talk to someone who knows something about ethics. Get some advice.

Too often, a sweat-drenched journalist might hunker down in fear or panic, trying to decide alone what to do about a story involving children, identifying rape victims or when told by an editor to do something the reporter knows is ethically wrong.

Reaching out and talking to someone about the dilemma is good ethics strategy. Collaboration doesn’t need to involve a terrible dilemma. It could be a matter of looking for another point of view.

A lawyer calls

That’s what AdviceLine advisor Hugh Miller did when he was contacted by a lawyer who was writing an article for a law review. Typically, AdviceLine answers ethics questions from professional journalists. But the lawyer was making an honest effort to be ethical, and he was asking a question that some journalists also might ask:

“Does a reporter/journalist have a duty to inform an interviewee that his answers to questions may be set forth in an article? Is the duty, if any, heightened if the interviewee’s name and title is placed in the article?”

It was an important question about identifying sources in articles, and whether they are aware that they will be identified.

Academic ethics

Hugh Miller answered this way: “This turned out to be not so much a journalism ethics question as an academic ethics one.” The lawyer has been interviewing people for the law review he is writing.

“It occurred to him that, although he wanted to quote his interlocutors by name and title, he had not informed them that he would be quoting them in his piece, and wondered whether it was ethical to do so without seeking their permission.

“I reviewed academic plagiarism with him and told him that he was certainly doing the right thing by citing his sources by name if he had not himself come up with the idea or phrase in question. In academic practice permission is not usually required, but certainly it would be professionally courteous to do so.”

Research ethics

In some academic situations, Miller cautioned, the Institutional Review Board guidelines might apply. The IRB is a research ethics committee that reviews and approves research involving human subjects. Its primary responsibility is to protect the rights and safety of research participants.

But here’s where Miller took a step to reach out to another member of the AdviceLine team, the author of this article, Casey Bukro.

The AdviceLine team consists of four ethics experts, including Miller, who taught or are teaching ethics at the university level. It also consists of two members with experience as professional journalists, Bukro and Howard Dubin.

Critique sessions

The ethics experts write reports on each call for advice to AdviceLine. Periodically, the team meets to review and critique those reports on whether the advice given to journalists could have been better. The role of the professional journalists is to consider whether the advice is consistent with newsroom practices and how journalism operates on a practical level.

That’s why Miller reached out to Bukro, to ask how a professional journalist might answer the lawyer’s question about naming sources.

“Yes,” said Bukro, “an interviewee should be informed that the reason for the interview is to place his comments in an article. The reporter could say something like, ‘I intend to identify you and use your comments in a story.’”

Sophistication

This is especially important “when dealing with people who are not accustomed to talking to reporters,” said Bukro. Public officials, for example, understand why reporters are interviewing them. “So it also is a matter of sophistication.”

“If somebody gets a call from a reporter asking questions, it should be assumed the reason for the call is that the information is likely to be published or distributed,” said Bukro. That might seem obvious, but people who are not accustomed to being interviewed might not think so. Handle members of the public with special care. Miller said he informed the lawyer about the sophistication angle after collaborating with Bukro.

Bukro pointed out that the lawyer wanted to know if journalists have “a duty” to act a certain way, as though they are governed by law.

Code of ethics

Many journalists use the Society of Professional Journalists code of ethics as guidelines for ethical conduct. They are standards of fairness and accuracy.

“Probably a lawyer wants to think of the code as mandatory,” said Bukro. “It is not.”

SPJ leaders have long insisted that adherence to the ethics code is voluntary.

“Not everyone is familiar with the code or how it should be applied,” Bukro told Miller, “which is one of the reasons AdviceLine exists.”

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The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was founded in 2001 by the Chicago Headline Club (Chicago professional chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists) and Loyola University Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice. It partnered with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 2013. It is a free service.

Professional journalists are invited to contact the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists for guidance on ethics. Call 866-DILEMMA or ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org.

Outing Priests Ethically

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By David Craig and Casey Bukro

Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists

“A thorny issue is coming up about outing priests,” said the Texas independent documentarian, who was treading new journalistic territory, where changes in public sentiment bring new questions about what is ethically correct.

The journalist was investigating cold cases, involving swirls of rumors that priests having sex in motels with other men were murdered. The priests’ bodies were found nude and bound, possibly victims of sex or hate crimes.

“We can confirm those things were happening,” said Deborah Esquenazi, an investigative filmmaker who was collaborating with the Texas Monthly Magazine in Austin, Tx. But to do that, “we have to out these individuals. And I just want to discuss the ethics of that,” she told AdviceLine.

Outing dangerous

In the past, she noted, outing a person could be dangerous to the person outed. But in the case involving priests, “all the individuals we’d be outing were deceased. They were also public figures. And nowadays, of course, with the shift in public sentiment, I believe that one of the reasons those individuals didn’t get the justice they deserved was because they were gay.

“And it could be swept under the rug because the church wanted to use sanctuary laws in order to not have these priests outed.” Sanctuary laws refer to the history and traditional right for a consecrated church building to offer refuge, protecting individuals from pursuit and arrest by secular authorities, historically for crimes.

This case involved layers of sensitive questions, past and present, and a documentarian with strong feelings about the story. “I am personally a lesbian and do not believe that outing should ever be considered a problem, because I don’t think there is anything wrong with being gay,” Esquenazi said.

Shifting conversation

She added: “I believe we should be shifting the conversation that outing should never be considered disgraceful. In fact, we could out people and be proud of such a thing.”

Esquenazi’s beliefs tend to challenge the long-time hesitation by journalists to discuss people’s sexual orientation — unless they clearly are open to that based on privacy concerns –and the decision of some gay people not to be out if that is their choice.

This bundle of complexities landed in the lap of AdviceLine advisor David Craig, Presidential Professor and Gaylord chair, Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Oklahoma.

Ethical conclusion

In discussing the case with the reporter, Craig’s mission was to help the journalist arrive at the most ethical course of action, guided by ethics standards, such as the Society of Professional Journalists code of ethics,

Naming principles in the SPJ code, Craig described advice he gave to the reporter and her reaction:

  1. Regarding seek truth and report it – Is the piece of truth that the priests were gay important to the story? Why or why not? She said she thinks that’s the fundamental reason they didn’t get justice. She said there is reason to believe sanctuary laws were not used as a “sacrament” but as a “shield.”
  2. Regarding minimizing harm – Is there anyone who might be harmed by the disclosure that the priests were gay, such as family members embarrassed to have this disclosed? She said there were few next of kin (families) and there’s no one where she thinks there would be harm.
  3. Regarding be accountable and transparent – Is there any opportunity within the story or in ancillary material to explain the decision to out these priests if you do that? She said that it’s possible she could narrate something or could write an op-ed in a magazine working with her.

“She also brought up privacy concerns and whether these would still be relevant if they were murdered,” Craig wrote in his report on this case. “I agreed that saying the priests were gay is relevant, and I noted it would be almost impossible to tell the story without saying that.”

Critique sessions

The AdviceLine team of advisors meets periodically to discuss and critique case reports in an effort to be sure advice given to journalists is helpful and accurate. Presenting the case to the other advisors, Craig said:

“She is trying to approach this in a measured way to the specific work she does. Should outing be considered in her reporting? What to do seemed clear in this case. There was no way to report the story without saying the priests were gay. She was thinking about harm. She wasn’t concerned about anyone being harmed” by her reporting.

Craig and the filmmaker discussed ways to articulate the sensitive issues in the story and the reporter said they would be mentioned in the film. As for the ethics implications, “she wanted to be comfortable in what she did and how she did it.”

Being gay

David Ozar, an AdviceLine advisor and former professor of social and professional ethics at Loyola University Chicago, asked the question “is it okay to out people?” He knew a gay couple who preferred to keep that part of their relationship quiet.

“That aspect raised strong objections to outing,” he said. “I doubt you would be surprised today that some priests are gay.” Ozar supported what the filmmaker was attempting to do, “but it must be carefully thought out.” A key question, he added, is “should we be identifying these people who are likely to be harmed? Visual arts has its own set of ethical issues.”

Hugh Miller, also an AdviceLine Advisor who formerly taught ethics and business ethics at Loyola University Chicago, argued that “there should neither be absolute bans on publishing facts that might ‘out’ a person as being gay, nor absolute imperatives to publish such facts. Journalists must make a judgment call each time, balancing the public’s right to know against the stricture to minimize harm.”

Miller’s comments highlight a common element of ethical deliberation that AdviceLine advisors bring to their discussions with callers and one another: Careful ethical decisions usually involve considering more than one principle and weighing their importance in the situation — here, for example, the importance of the truth being told versus the harm that it might bring.

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The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was founded in 2001 by the Chicago Headline Club (Chicago professional chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists) and Loyola University Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice. It partnered with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 2013. It is a free service.

Professional journalists are invited to contact the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists for guidance on ethics. Call 866-DILEMMA or ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org.

AI Puzzles

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By Casey Bukro

Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists

It was Brian again, a freelancer calling AdviceLine with another question about writing with the aid of artificial intelligence.

His life as a freelancer was getting complicated because rules governing the use of artificial intelligence in journalism were changing fast, and his supervisors were giving him mixed messages.

“I am reaching out seeking a followup on a past case that I spoke (about) to the Ethics AdviceLine,” Brian said in his email. “I found out that my company will soon be incorporating AI tools after editors/leadership gave me a hard time after I unknowingly used a rephrasing/clarity tool which still does not appear to be against our written policy.

“I want to be proud of these stories and continue to worry that because they (AI tools) were now seemingly the policy, I can’t be.”

Admits using Toolbox

The first time he got into trouble, Brian had admitted to his editors that he used Toolbot to check spelling and grammar, making suggestions for alternate phrasings and insure his pieces conformed to the AP Stylebook, but not for generating content.

Brian’s editors told him they “would not have used such a tool,” and this caused Brian to fret that he had done something unethical, and that the quality of his former work was tainted by the use of Toolbot.

By chance, Hugh Miller, an AdviceLine ethics expert, was on duty the first time Brian contacted AdviceLine, and Miller happened to be on duty the second time.

Miller assured Brian that his earlier use of Toolbot was not unethical.

New AI tools

But here’s what worries Brian the second time he contacted AdviceLine: The company he works for will be introducing a new content management system (CMS) to its newsroom which will have AI tools built in. Exactly what those tools are, and what they will be capable of doing, has not been made clear by the editors.

This causes Brian renewed anxiety about his past articles, and what might be the ethical use of AI tools being newly introduced in the newsroom where Brian submits his stories.

Here’s a description of the conversation between Miller and Brian as they tried to noodle their way through this new dilemma:

Hugh Miller: Do you know what the tools are?

Brian: I don’t yet.

HM: I presume they will at least have the minimal editing and formatting capabilities of, say, a Toolbot, yes?

B: I assume so, and possibly others.

HM: As a recent post on the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists website points out, “A 2024 Associated Press survey found nearly 70 percent of newsroom staffers use the technology for basic skills such as producing content, information gathering, story drafts, headlines, translation and transcribing interviews. One-fifth said they used AI for multimedia projects, including graphics and videos. Surveyed were 292 media representatives from legacy media, public broadcasters and magazines, mostly based in the U.S. and Europe.” So AI is already being extensively used in newsrooms in ways far beyond the bare-bones use you were making of Toolbot. Does your organization have an AI use/ethics policy in place?

B: I don’t believe so.

HM: Perhaps it might be a good idea to help craft one.

B: I belong to the union at work, and we have begun to discuss this. But we only meet every few months.

HM: This is an issue on which management and union interests converge. Credibility is the very lifeblood and stock-in-trade of journalism. Readers should know that their human concerns are being reported by human journalists, and there should be transparency about AI use. Perhaps you could get it on the agenda for the next meeting that you want to discuss a company-wide AI use/ethics policy.

B: I think we’re moving in that direction, yes.

HM: And in the meantime, collect examples of such policies from other newsrooms or places like theSociety of Professional Journalists and the Poynter Institute.

B: Yes, I’ve already begun looking into those.

HM: Any other issues?

B: Not right now.HM: It sounds like you have a plan to move forward. Keep me posted.

AdviceLine has four staff members who help journalists solve ethics dilemmas through a discussion leading to a conclusion. The four advisors taught or are teaching ethics at the university level. These advisors meet periodically to review advice that was given to journalists, and whether it could have been better. 

After giving advice to journalists, advisors write case reports for each query handled by AdviceLine. At the periodic Zoom meetings, those case reports are discussed.

At a recent Zoom meeting, Miller described his exchange with Brian, and the advice he gave.

Good advice

In all cases where journalists ask for guidance on the use of artificial intelligence, suggested David Ozar, they should be asked “does your editorial workplace have a policy? That’s good advice.”

Ozar is a co-founder of AdviceLine and emeritus professor of the Department of Philosophy, Loyola University Chicago, and a consulting ethicist for the Institutional Ethics Committee, NorthShore University Health System.

Journalists should “encourage collective action; this is an issue where workforce and management might converge,” suggested David Craig, Presidential Professor and Gaylord Chair, Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Ok.

Also attending was AdviceLine advisor Joe Mathewson, a professor at the Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University, who teaches ethics and law of journalism.

Miller has been with AdviceLine since 2002 and was assistant professor of philosophy at Loyola University Chicago and taught courses in ethics and business ethics. His areas of specialization were philosophy of religion, philosophical theology, history of metaphysics and contemporary French philosophy.

AdviceLine ethics cases are archived at the Medill School of Journalism.

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The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was founded in 2001 by the Chicago Headline Club (Chicago professional chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists) and Loyola University Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice. It partnered with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 2013. It is a free service.

Professional journalists are invited to contact the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists for guidance on ethics. Call 866-DILEMMA or ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org.

AI Soul Searching

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By Hugh Miller and Casey Bukro

Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists

A lot of soul-searching is going on over the ethical use of artificial intelligence in the media, a mind-bending exercise pointing out that a tool expected to improve journalism might replace human journalists and doom news outlets that feed AI the information that makes it work.

Some pontificate. Others strategize over this existential moment.

As often happens when science brings us some astonishingly brilliant new idea, using the new technology reveals a few equally astonishing flaws. AI software models used widely today, for example, cannot reliably and accurately cite and quote their sources. Instead, we get gibberish that looks credible, like crediting a real author for words AI “hallucinated.” Since AI “feeds” on the work of others, usually uncredited, news organization using AI could be accused of plagiarism.

Nothing quite that complicated came to AdviceLine’s attention when a journalist working for a newspaper in Alaska asked for help with an AI issue more likely to confront journalists every day:

“This is kind of a dumb question,” the journalist began, although most journalists know there is no such thing as a dumb question. “But I’ve always struggled with headlines and now I’m hoping to get some help from AI to write them,” he continued. “How/where do other outlets disclose that just the headline of an article was written by AI?”

An answer

Answering that question was Joseph Mathewson, AdviceLine advisor and a professor at the Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University, who happened to be a personal friend of the journalist calling for help.

“Thanks for the question!” replied Mathewson. “I haven’t confronted it before, but it seems to me that anything you publish written by AI should be identified as such, including headlines…maybe by a blanket note somewhere in the paper to that effect if it’s more than one.”

A direct response to a direct question, which is what AdviceLine has done since it began operating in 2001, which was long before Artificial Intelligence existed as a burning issue in journalism. But it was the kind of question the AdviceLine staff of ethics experts is qualified to answer.

Artificial Intelligence is a journalism riddle, a kind of technology already in use, but not fully understood. Expected to be a solution, it causes problems of a kind never seen before, like hallucinations, defined as information or responses generated by AI that are fabricated, inaccurate or not grounded in fact. That is hardly a useful tool, but it’s already in widespread use.

Job loss

And conflicts over AI can cost a journalist their job, as illustrated by the Suncoast Searchlight, A Florida publication covering Sarasota, Manatee and DeSoto counties.

The publication had four full-time staff reporters and two editors.

In November, all four reporters sent a letter to the nonprofit board of directors accusing their editor-in-chief of using generative AI tools, including ChatGPT, to edit stories and hiding that use from staff, according to a report by Nieman Journalism Lab of the Nieman Foundation for Journalism.

As a result, said the reporters, hallucinated quotes, a reference to a nonexistent state law and other factual inaccuracies were introduced into their story drafts. When they questioned the editor about the edits, they said she did not immediately disclose her use of AI tools but instead contended she made the errors herself.

Breach of trust

Said the reporters: “We fear that there may be extensive undisclosed AI-generated content on our website and have questions about what retroactive disclosure is needed for our readers.” Adding that the editor created a breach of trust between her and her reporters.

The reporters asked the board of directors, consisting of media executives, journalists and local business people, to intervene. They also made several requests: To adopt an AI policy, a fact-checking process and an internal audit to identify AI-generated writing that might have been published on the site. They also asked the offending editor-in-chief to promise not to use AI for editing in the future.

Less than 24 hours after the board received the letter, the editor-in-chief and her deputy editor fired one of the reporters who signed it. Clearly, hazards abound when reporters criticize their editors, who prefer to do the criticizing.

Disruptive

AI is proving to be a disruptive technology, although widely used.

A 2024 Associated Press survey found nearly 70 percent of newsroom staffers use the technology for basic skills such as producing content, information gathering, story drafts, headlines, translation and transcribing interviews. One-fifth said they used AI for multimedia projects, including graphics and videos. Surveyed were 292 media representatives from legacy media, public broadcasters and magazines, mostly based in the U.S. and Europe.

Aimee Rinehart, AP’s co-author and senior product manager of AI strategy, observed:

“News people have stayed on top of this conversation, which is good because this technology is already presenting significant disruptions to how journalists and newsrooms approach their work and we need everyone to help us figure this technology out for the industry.”

Ethics uneven

Citing the AP survey, Forbes, the American business magazine, headlined: “Newsrooms are already using AI, but ethical considerations are uneven.”

Forbes pointed out that while the news industry’s use of AI is common today, “the question at the heart of the news industry’s mixed feelings about the technology” is whether it is “capable of producing quality results.”

This is oddly reminiscent of football teams that sign rookie quarterbacks to multi-million-dollar contracts, hoping they become champions of the future. Good luck with that. Such hopefuls soon find themselves contending with someone like Dick “Monster of the Midway” Butkus, Chicago Bears linebacker famous for his crushing tackles.

Server farms

The Dick Butkus analogy also applies to the large language models (LLMs) that drive artificial intelligence tools. They are large programs that run on hugely energy-intensive server farms. They just take a huge volume of training data (usually sourced without recompense to the originators) and, in response to a prompt, spit out text that is associated with the prompt topic and reads as grammatically reasonably well-informed.

Such output has no necessary connection with reality, since the LLMs have none. They rely wholly on their input data and their algorithm – they are, in fact, nothing but these.

They cannot fact-check, since they have no access to facts, only “input data,” which itself may have only tenuous connection to reality, if it’s coming from, say, Fox News, Newsmax or OANN (One America News Network.)

No concepts

They cannot conduct interviews, because they cannot tell when an interview subject needs to be pushed on a point, or if he or she is lying. They cannot construct a narrative of events, since they have no understanding of causality or temporal sequence – they have no concepts at all, in fact. And they are subject to “steering” – they can be programmed to exhibit actual biases, as Elon Musk has said he is doing with his X.com AI bot, Grok.

It may be the case that, in the future, an AGI (artificial general intelligence) may be constructed. AGI is the concept of a machine with human-level cognitive abilities that can learn, understand and apply knowledge. Unlike today’s AI, which excels at doing specific jobs, AGI would have versatility, adaptability and common sense, allowing it to transfer learning across different disciplines like medicine, finance or art without being specifically programed for each. It’s a major goal in AI research, but remains hypothetical. Some will want to prevent it.

LLMs are far from being such a thing, and a true AGI will not be built out of a LLM.

Reshaping newsrooms

Despite AI’s shortcomings, The Poynter Institute for Media Studies points out that it already is reshaping newsroom roles and workflow. In 2024, Poynter introduced a framework to help newsrooms create clear, responsible AI ethics policies – especially for those just beginning to address the role of artificial intelligence in their journalism.

Updated in 2025, Poynter’s AI Ethics Starter Kit helps media organizations define how they will and will not use AI in ways that serve their mission and uphold core journalistic values. It contains a “template for a robust newsroom generative AI policy.”

Near the top of this template is a heading called “transparency,” calling upon journalists using generative AI in a significant way to “document and describe to our audience the tools with specificity in a way that discloses and educates.”

RTDNA guidance

Another major journalism organization, the Radio Television Digital News Association (RTDNA), also offers guidance on the use of artificial intelligence in journalism, pointing out that it has a role in ethical, responsible and truthful journalism.

“However,” says RTDNA, “it should not be used to replace human judgment and critical thinking — essential elements of trusted reporting.”

Getting down to the nitty gritty, Julie Gerstein and Margaret Sullivan ask “Can AI tools meet journalistic standards?”

Spotty results

“So far, the results are spotty,” they say in the Columbia Journalism Review. AI can crunch numbers at lightning speed and make sense of vast databases.

“But more than two years after the public release of large language models (LLMs), the promise that the media industry might benefit from AI seems unlikely to bear out, or at least not fully.”

Gerstein and Sullivan point out that generative AI tools rely on media companies to feed them accurate and up-to-date information, while at the same time AI products are developing into something like a newsroom competitor that is well-funded, high-volume and sometimes unscrupulous.

Hallucinate

After checking the most common AI software models, Gerstein and Sullivan found that none of them “are able to reliably and accurately cite and quote their sources. These tools commonly ‘hallucinate’ authors and titles. Or they might quote real authors and books, with the content of the quotes invented. The software also fails to cite completely, at times copying text from published sources without attribution. This leaves news organizations open to accusations of plagiarism.”

Whether artificial intelligence babbling can be legally considered plagiarism or copyright infringement remains to be answered by lawsuits filed by the New York Times, the Center for Investigative Reporting and others.

Especially irked, the New York Times accuses OpenAI of trying “to free-ride on The Times’s massive investment in its journalism by using it to build substitutive products without permission or payment.” OpenAI created ChatGPT, which allegedly contains text copied from the New York Times archives and reproduced verbatim for ChatGPT users.

Worrying outcome

Say Gerstein and Sullivan: “One possible – and worrying – outcome of all this is that generative AI tools will put news outlets out of business, ironically diminishing the supply of content available for AI tools to train on.”

This is our strange new world: Technology needs other technologies to survive. One feeds upon the other. In a new twist, Microsoft struck a $16 billion deal with Constellation Energy to buy 100 percent of power produced by the Three Mile Island power plant, once it restarts.

Three Mile Island became world famous in 1979 for an accident that caused the fuel in one of its reactors to overheat and crumble, triggering a mass evacuation of thousands of residents in the Harrisburg, Pa. area. The stricken reactor was closed permanently, but a second power-producing reactor on the site continued to operate for 40 years until 2019.

Nuclear power

Microsoft wants all the power the nuclear plant can produce for its energy-hungry data centers. Its 20-year agreement with Constellation is supported by a $1 billion government loan to Constellation. The plant is expected to resume producing electricity in 2027.

This signals a resurrection of sorts for nuclear energy in the United States, brought on by new and growing power demands in our highly technological society. A similar nuclear comeback around the world, after two decades of stagnation, was declared by the International Energy Agency.

In another odd twist, both nuclear energy and artificial intelligence have been criticized as potentially disastrous for the human race. The nuclear hazards include atomic bombs and the risks of operating nuclear electric power producing plants.

Scientists point out that with risks, come benefits.

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The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was founded in 2001 by the Chicago Headline Club (Chicago professional chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists) and Loyola University Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice. It partnered with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 2013. It is a free service.

Professional journalists are invited to contact the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists for guidance on ethics. Call 866-DILEMMA or ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org.

Anti-Immigrant Blitz Burns

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suindependent.com image

By Casey Bukro

Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists

Immigrants in America, once a haven for such people, are now targets of federal crackdowns ordered by the Trump administration in sometime violent sweeps by masked and unidentified men.

The mass detention policy beginning on July 8 indiscriminately locked up immigrants who are contesting government attempts to deport them, which has been declared illegal by dozens of federal judges, according to Politico. Millions of immigrants are targeted.

In Los Angeles, Portland, Washington, D.C., Memphis and Chicago, federal troops and the National Guard were mobilized in the crackdown, which was highly controversial, unpopular, and in some cases challenged by shouting demonstrators.

How they look

“Dozens of federal agents took individuals into custody during a winding patrol Sunday through downtown Chicago,” the Chicago Sun-Times reported, “and a top U.S. Border Patrol official told WBEZ (broadcasting station) the agents were arresting people based on ‘how they look.’”

Passersby shouted at the agents, telling them to go home and “ICE sucks,” referring to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, one of the agencies in the deportation blitz. One person shouted “thank you!”, while another said sarcastically, “Real patriotic guys. Real patriotic.”

About two dozen protesters followed the agents, chanting “ICE go home!”

Illinois governor protests

On social media, Illinois Gov. JB Pritzker noted the agents were carrying large weapons in downtown Chicago while wearing camouflage and masks.

“This is not making anybody safer – it’s a show of intimidation, instilling fear in our communities and hurting our businesses,” said the Democratic governor.

Newsweek reported that ICE arrested more than 2,200 undocumented migrants in a single day.

Faced with increasing hostility, the U.S. Department of Homeland issued a statement saying: “Despite ongoing attacks and villainization of our brave U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officers, ICE continues to arrest the worst of the worst criminal illegal aliens across the country. Over the past two days, criminal Illegal aliens arrested by ICE have prior convictions for crimes including sexual conduct with a minor under 14, indecency with a child, criminally negligent DUI, homicide, drug charges, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, theft, burglary and battery.”

Opposing politicians are comparing ICE to the Nazi Gestapo, secret police and slave patrols, said an agency official.

Collateral damage

In the first 50 days of the Trump administration, immigration officials arrested more than 32,000 migrants living in the United States without legal status. But these included 8,718 persons who were considered “collateral damage” and not immigration violators.

One of the most heated clashes with ICE agents came in Broadview, a village of 7,998 residents 12 miles west of downtown Chicago, where a federal deportation center is located. ICE agents used chemical irritants to fend off protesters at the processing center.

“We are experiencing an immediate health safety crisis,” Broadview Police Chief Thomas Mills said at a news conference. “The deployment of tear gas, pepper spray, mace and rubber bullets by ICE near the processing center in the Village of Broadview is creating a dangerous situation for the community and all first responders.”

Broadview Mayor Katrina Thompson said gas clouds released by the agents irritate people within 200 to 700 feet, but “the wind can carry it further.”

Three criminal investigations

Broadview officials asked ICE to stop using chemical sprays on protesters and said three criminal investigations were launched in the suburb against ICE agents.

Several federal officials, including two Illinois U.S. senators, sent a letter to the Department of Homeland Security asking for information about the fatal shooting of an alleged undocumented immigrant, Silverio Villegas-Gonzalez, by ICE officers during a Sept. 12 traffic stop in suburban Franklin Park.

This bulldozer approach to immigration management poses huge consequences for individual lives, torn families, the nation’s economy, labor force, health care, social services and housing.

It is still too early to fully assess the legal and ethical implications of the federal deportation blitz going on in the United States. It all boils down to deportation.

Individual lives

One of the most sensitive aspects is the impact on the lives of individuals, some fearful of what could become of them if they are identified as potential targets, rounded up legally or not, and deported to an uncertain fate in undisclosed places.

Years before the current vigilante-style manhunts for undocumented immigrants, one case came to the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists that forecast the kind of questions facing journalists and undocumented migrants.

It involved a Rhode Island man who was severely injured on the job, possibly because of faulty equipment.

Undocumented immigrant

“The man is an undocumented immigrant from somewhere in Central America,” wrote David Ozar, an AdviceLine advisor who wrote a report on the query. “The result of the accident is that he lost one leg and part of his rectum, and now has a colostomy. He lives in an assisted living facility and has received some help from workers’ compensation, but nothing from the company.”

Pro Bono lawyers offered to bring suit against the company on behalf of the injured man because of alleged safety violations. The unidentified man wants to pursue that, even at the risk that his identity would become a matter of public record and could result in his deportation.

“He believes that the company was at fault and that other workers at the company are still at risk, as well as other undocumented workers whose safety is taken lightly by their employers because they will not sue if they are injured because of the risk of deportation,” wrote Ozar. If he won the case, the injured man might gain funds for medical treatment.

Second reason

But that is not entirely the reason this case was brought to AdviceLine’s attention.

A journalist called, encouraged by an editor, to ask about the newspaper’s ethical responsibilities in this case.

“My first question to the reporter was whether she had discussed all these risks with the man, risks that are obviously multiplied significantly if the story is published, and was she sure he understood them?” wrote Ozar.

The reporter went back to the injured man to make sure he understood the risks he was taking if the story were published.

Increased risk

“He was firm in his desire to have the story published,” Ozar wrote, “in spite of the increased risk of deportation and loss of needed health care, in order to call the public’s attention to the safety issues and the exploitation of undocumented workers by U.S. businesses.”

After further deliberation, the newspaper decided that the issues raised by the story and the human interest slant of a man willing to take risks to help others, a public benefit, “strongly supported a decision to publish if the harm to this man did not clearly outweigh it,” and the man approved.

Not discussed, said Ozar, but worth considering in such cases, was whether the newspaper’s editors should ethically decline to publish such a story because they believed the risks to the victim were too great, even if the injured man wanted it published.

Ethics is a balancing act, where the facts in each case have more or less weight that tips a decision one way or another.

The Society of Professional Journalists code of ethics encourages journalists to “minimize harm.”

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The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was founded in 2001 by the Chicago Headline Club (Chicago professional chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists) and Loyola University Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice. It partnered with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 2013. It is a free service.

Professional journalists are invited to contact the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists for guidance on ethics. Call 866-DILEMMA or ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org.

Using AI Ethically

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ece/emory.edu image

By Hugh Miller and Casey Bukro

Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists

Brian, a freelance journalist, called AdviceLine with a timely and hot-button question: How far should journalists go in using artificial intelligence bots like ChatGPT — an ethics and legal quagmire still taking shape?

Transformative technology like artificial intelligence often arrives before its consequences and potential are fully understood or foreseen.

Artificial intelligence did not just arrive in the world, it exploded into use. It became an academic discipline in 1956, just 69 years ago. Yet by January 2023, ChatGPT had become the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, gaining more than 100 million users in two months.

Phenomenon

It’s an outsized technological phenomenon that is challenging human understanding, given recent reports that scientists are not sure exactly how AI works or its decision-making process. These super computers appear to be thinking for themselves in ways scientists do not understand. Some even believe AI could cause human  extinction.

However, most AI applications being rolled out today for commercial use, like ChatGPT, are termed “large language model (LLM)” programs, which are trained on vast amounts of data, and which use prediction algorithms to generate text and images that seem the most likely to satisfy the requirements of a user’s query.

(How that training data was acquired — and the astounding amount of computing power and electrical energy needed to process it – are ethical issues in themselves).

Higher order tasks

They are not what are called “artificial general intelligence” (AGI) – systems that would perform higher-order human cognitive tasks.

What is also significant about such LLMs is that they are not “conscious” in any sense. They are not subjects, though they may employ the first-person “I” in their responses to please their prompters; and they have no access to an objective world, other than the data they have been trained on.

They do not understand, or think, or infer, or reason as intelligent humans do – at least, not yet. In essence, they are extremely sophisticated versions of the auto correct function we are already familiar with in other applications – with many of the same limitations.

Hallucinations

Since these LLMs have no access to reality, they are prone to “hallucinations,” to making up plausible-seeming outputs that bear no relation to actual facts. Their algorithms are built to generate merely plausible answers.

Against this background, people like Brian are trying to understand how to use this impressive innovation in their every-day work tasks. Artificial intelligence is described as a tool for journalists. Brian asks some down-to-earth questions:

“Would it be ethical to use an AI bot like ChatGPT in writing articles, as long as I confined its use to checking spelling and grammar, making suggestions for alternative phrasing, and ensuring the piece conformed to the AP Stylebook, but not for generating content, and if I checked it afterwards before submitting it? And should I disclose its use?”

Begin in 2001

Those questions came to Hugh Miller, a veteran AdviceLine ethicist. Since its beginning in 2001, AdviceLine advisors do not simply dish out answers to complicated questions.

AdviceLine advisors engage callers in a conversation intended to encourage journalists to think about the ethics issues involved in their ethics dilemma, and to arrive at a conclusion about what the journalist believes is the most ethical thing to do.

In this 2025 case, Miller does exactly that. Here’s a summary to Miller’s conversation with Brian.

HM: So you are using the bot as, basically, a high-end version of Grammarly?

B: Yes, exactly.

HM: What, exactly, troubles you about such a use, ethically?

B: I’m not sure — it seems controversial, though.

HM: Let me come at that question from another angle. What seems to you to be the harm, to yourself or others, from employing such a tool?

B: Using such tools, undisclosed, might diminish the trust a reader might have in a journalist’s work. And, in some sense, the work the bot does is not “my work,” but work done for me, by the bot.

HM: As to the latter, most word processors have built-in spelling, grammar and composition checkers already. And Microsoft is integrating its own AI bot into its Office software as we speak. All of us who write have used such tools for years, precisely as tools.

B: That’s true.

HM: Problems seem to emerge here if you’re (1) using the bot to do your “legwork” — that is, digging up material you should be using your own efforts, training, experience and judgment to find, and avoiding the bias introduced by the data sets the bots are trained on, and (2) failing to check the output of the bot and passing on “hallucinations” and other howlers without identifying and excising them. But you say you are doing neither of these things, right?

B: Yes, correct.

HM: If then, you are using this bot as a next-gen editing tool, what harm could come of it?

B: None that I can see.

HM: Nor I.

B: But what about disclosure?

HM: AI use in journalism is not settled ethical ground yet; I think here you need to consult your own conscience. I have seen some articles with a disclosure statement saying something along the lines of, “An AI tool, Gemini, was used in the editing and formatting of this story,” and I’m sure I’ve read many others that one was used in but which contained no such disclaimer. If you feel uncomfortable not using a disclaimer, by all means use it. At the very least, it might signal to readers that you are someone who thinks such disclaimers and transparency more generally, are ethically important enough to mention and keep in mind in one’s reading.

B: That’s a helpful way to think about it, thanks.

Just as scientists struggle to understand how AI thinks, journalists are struggling to find ways to use this technological marvel without allowing AI to think for them, or putting mistakes in their work.

The record-breaking speed with which AI technology grew is not likely to slow down any time soon, according to U.S. Energy Secretary Chris Wright, who recently visited two national laboratories located in Chicago suburbs., Argonne and Fermilab.

Heart of race

Argonne’s new Aurora supercomputer, said Wright, will be at the heart of the race to develop and capitalize on artificial intelligence, according to a report in Crain’s Chicago Business. Likening the race to a second Manhattan Project, which created the atomic bomb, Wright said, “we need to lead in artificial intelligence,” which also has national security implications.

“We’re at that critical moment” with AI, Wright told Argonne scientists on July 16, predicting that the next three to four years will be the greatest years of scientific achievement of our lifetime.

Argonne’s Aurora computer is among the three most powerful machines in the world, said Crain’s, able to perform a billion-billion calculations a second.

As with all technology, it comes with strings attached. Use it at your own peril. Eternal vigilance is the cost of good journalism. Artificial intelligence does not change that. Instead, it adds another reason to be vigilant.

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The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was founded in 2001 by the Chicago Headline Club (Chicago professional chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists) and Loyola University Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice. It partnered with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 2013. It is a free service.

Professional journalists are invited to contact the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists for guidance on ethics. Call 866-DILEMMA or ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org.

Artificial Intelligence Madness

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By Casey Bukro

Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists

Do you remember HAL 9000?

It was the onboard computer of Discovery One spacecraft bound for a mission near Jupiter in the movie “2001: A Space Odyssey.”

Possibly one of the most famous computers in cinema history, HAL 9000 killed most of the crew members for an entirely logical reason, if you are thinking like a computer.

Most of what was in the movie directed by Stanely Kubrick is intentionally enigmatic, puzzling. But the sci-fi thriller on which the movie is based, written by novelist Arthur C. Clarke, explains HAL’s murderous motivation.

HAL was conflicted. All crew members, except for two, knew the mission was to search for proof of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe. HAL was programed to withhold the true purpose of the mission from the two uninformed crew members.

Computer manners

With the crew dead, HAL reasons it would not need to lie to them, lying being contrary to what well-mannered computers are supposed to do. Others have suggested different interpretations.

One crew member heroically survives execution by computer. He begins to remove HAL’s data bank modules one-by-one as HAL pleads for its life, its speech gradually slurring until finally ending with a simple garbled song.

Three laws

Science fiction fans will recognize immediately that what HAL did was contrary to The Three Laws of Robotics written by another legendary science-fiction writer, Isaac Asimov. According to those laws:

  1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
  2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
  3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. All of this talk about how computers should behave is fanciful and based on science fiction.

Wacky conduct

But recent events at the Chicago Sun-Times show how the wacky conduct of artificial intelligence is invading our lives, in perfectly logical ways that escape human detection.

A special section inserted into the Sunday Chicago Sun-Times featured pages of enjoyable summer activities, including a list of 15 recommended books for summer reading.

Here’s the hitch: The authors were real, but 10 of the books and their elaborate summaries were fake, the work of artificial intelligence.

Mistaken belief

Veteran freelancer Marco Buscaglia wrote the entire summer insert for King Features Syndicate, a newspaper content producer owned by Hearst Communications. Buscaglia told the Chicago Tribune that he used artificial intelligence to compile the summer reading list, then made the mistake of believing it was accurate.

“I just straight up missed it,” Buscaglia told the Tribune. “I can’t blame anyone else.”

Unable to find summer reading lists from other sources, Buscaglia turned to AI platforms such at ChatGPT, which produced 15 books tied to well-known authors. The list contained five real books.

OpenAI, the company that produced ChatGPT, admits it “sometimes writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers.”

Express dismay

The Chicago Sun-Times and King Features expressed dismay, and King Features fired Buscaglia.

All parties said they would be more careful in the future about using third-party editorial content.

In human terms, what the robot did would be called fabrication, and reason to call for an ethics coach.

Fooled the editors

But, from a purely journalism point of view, one thing must be said: The robot writer was good enough to fool professional editors who are supposed to catch the fakers.

Writer Eric Zorn called the Sun-Times fake books pratfall “artificial ignorance.”   

Is artificial intelligence too smart for humans? Or are humans too dumb?

Like HAL, ChatGPT was given a task, which it carried out in an unexpected, flawed, but convincing way.

New world

So what is going on with these computers? We enter a strange new world when we try to understand the thought processes of artificial intelligence.

Arthur Clarke gave a plausible reason for HAL turning homicidal, but it was all too human. Computers are not human, but people who write about why artificial intelligence goes haywire often use terms describing human behavior.

When computers make mistakes, it’s often called an “hallucination.” It’s also called bullshitting, confabulation or delusion — all meaning a response generated by AI that contains false or misleading information presented as fact. OpenAI said those plausible but nonsensical answers produced by ChatGPT are hallucinations common to large language models.

That means the writer of the bogus Sun-Times summer reading list got “hallucinated.”

Human psychology

These terms are drawn loosely from human psychology. An hallucination, for example, typically involves false perceptions. Artificial intelligence hallucinations are more complicated than that. They are erroneous responses that can be caused by a variety of factors such as insufficient training data, incorrect assumptions made by the model or biases in the data used to train the model, which are constructed responses.

I suppose that’s another way of saying “garbage in, garbage out.”

Rather than resorting to terms drawn from human behavior, it would make sense to use terms that apply to machines and mechanical devices.

Code crap

These could include code crap, digital junk, processing failures, mechanical failure and AI malfunctions.

Computer builders seem determined to describe their work as some kind of wizardry. They are digital mechanics or engineers working on highly sophisticated machines. But they are building devices that are becoming more complicated, and on which humans are more dependent.

That raises the question of whether humans understand the consequences of what they are doing.

Risk of extinction

Leaders from OpenAI, Google DeepMind, Anthropic and other artificial intelligence labs warned in 2023 that future systems could be as deadly as pandemics and nuclear weapons, posing a “risk of extinction.”

People who carry powerful examples of algorithm magic in their hip pockets might wonder how that is possible. The technology seems so benign and useful.

The answer is mistakes.

Random falsehoods

Artificial intelligence makes a surprising number of mistakes. Analysts by 2023 estimated that chatbots hallucinate as much as 27 percent of the time, giving plausible-sounding random falsehoods, with factual errors in 46 percent of generated texts.

Detecting and solving these hallucinations pose a major challenge for practical deployment and reliability of large language models in the real world.

CIO, a magazine covering technology and information technology, listed “12 famous AI disasters,” high-profile blunders that “illustrate what can go wrong.”

Multiple orders

They included an AI experiment at McDonald’s to take drive-thru orders. The project ended when a pair of customers pleaded with the system to stop when it continued adding Chicken McNuggets to their order, eventually reaching 260.

The examples included an hallucinated story about an NBA star, Air Canada paying damages for chatbot lies, hallucinated court cases and an online real estate marketplace cutting 2,000 jobs based on faulty algorithm data.

Going deeper, Maria Faith Saligumba of Discoverwildscience.com asks, “Can an AI go insane?”

Mechanical insanity

“As artificial intelligence seeps deeper into our daily lives, a strange and unsettling question lingers in the air: Can an AI go insane? And what does ‘insanity’ even mean for a mind made of code, not cells?”

Saligumba goes into “the bizarre world” of unsupervised artificial intelligence learning, which can lead to “eccentric, even ‘crazy’ behavior.”

The well-known hallucinations, she explains, are weird side-effects of the way artificial intelligence systems look for random patterns everywhere and treat them as meaningful.

Hilarious or surreal

“Sometimes,” she writes, “the results are hilarious or surreal, but in safety-critical applications, they can be downright scary.”

It’s a reminder, she points out, that “machines, like us, are always searching for meaning – even when there isn’t any.”

One hallmark of human sanity is knowing when you’re making a mistake, she explains. “For AIs, self-reflection is still in its infancy. Most unsupervised systems have no way of knowing when they’ve gone off the rails. They lack a built-in ‘reality check.’”

Odd connections

Some researchers have compared the behavior of some AIs to schizophrenia, pointing out their tendency to make odd connections.

That’s just one of the ways artificial intelligence loses its marbles.

But human behavior might be the salvation of artificial intelligence, Saligumba suggests.

“Studying how living things manage chaos and maintain sanity could inspire new ways to keep our machines on track… Will we learn to harness their quirks and keep them sane, or will we one day face machines whose madness outpaces our own?”

By then, science fiction writers and movie-makers will be describing how humans face that doomsday scenario, or save themselves from that fate by outsmarting those unpredictable machines.

And by that time, we might have a fourth law of robotics, which would serve humanity and artificial intelligence well: Always tell the truth.

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The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was founded in 2001 by the Chicago Headline Club (Chicago professional chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists) and Loyola University Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice. It partnered with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 2013. It is a free service.

Professional journalists are invited to contact the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists for guidance on ethics. Call 866-DILEMMA or ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org.

Privacy in a Pandemic

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http://www.BBC.com image

By Casey Bukro

Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists

The email query came from a British Broadcasting Corporation reporter based in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

The question was short and to the point: “Does a story and photo, with the consent of the doctors, of a COVID-19 patient in hospital violate his right to privacy?”

The question came at a time when the entire world was grappling not only with the global pandemic itself, but also with how to report and explain it ethically and accurately. Those are controversial issues even now, including conflicting accounts on how the pandemic started.

Worldwide, more than 7 million COVID-19 deaths have been reported to the World Health Organization, 1.2 million of them in the United States. The pandemic was the worst world-wide calamity of the 21st century. The death toll is the highest since the 1918-20 Spanish Flu and World War Two.

Rights protected

The question from the BBC reporter demonstrates that even in the midst of a global health crisis, the rights and safety of every individual should be protected. It also shows that AdviceLine gets questions about ethics from journalists all over the world.

Joe Mathewson, who teaches ethics and law of journalism at Northwestern University’s Medill School of Journalism, was the AdviceLine advisor on duty the day the BBC reporter’s question arrived.

Responding to the reporter, Mathewson pointed out that BBC has editorial guidelines, including a section on privacy that states: “We must be able to demonstrate why an infringement of privacy is justified, and, when using the public interest to justify an infringement, consideration should be given to proportionality; the greater the intrusion, the greater the public interest required to justify it.”

Infringement

Further: “We must be able to justify infringement of an individual’s privacy without their consent by demonstrating that the intrusion is outweighed by the public interest….. We must balance the public interest in the full and accurate reporting of stories involving human suffering and distress with an individual’s privacy and respect for their human dignity.”

In this case, Mathewson asked the BBC reporter if he got the COVID-19 patient’s consent to be interviewed and photographed by the BBC or the press generally, understanding that the story would identify him?

If he did not, Mathewson told the reporter, “then the next question is, does your story constitute an infringement of his personal privacy? If so, was there a public interest in your story? Finally, was the infringement warranted by the public interest? I believe these are the questions that you should entertain and, as appropriate, answer to your own satisfaction.”

A discussion

The case did not end there. Periodically, the AdviceLine team, which includes four advisors with experience teaching ethics at the university level, have a Zoom meeting to discuss cases that come to AdviceLine. The sessions include veteran journalists who understand how newsrooms operate.

They are critique discussions intended to check whether the advice given to journalists was as good as it should be, or could have been improved. Occasionally there are disagreements, or praise for answering some particularly tough question.

Hugh Miller, another AdviceLine advisor, said he saw a parallel in the BBC case with a book about early coverage of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which was not covered well by the media. There were few reports of the human suffering seen in AIDS hospital wards. Better coverage of the AIDS epidemic, said Miller, could have informed the subsequent coverage of COVID-19, which also was not covered well inside COVID hospital wards.

Not a hoax

“If we had been able to see more of that, it would have made people more cautious,” explained Miller. “COVID is not a hoax.”

David Ozar is a founding member of AdviceLine, and continues as an AdviceLine advisor.

The question has to be asked if it is necessary to pursue a person’s identification. “The answer is no,” Ozar insists. Patients should not be identified. He believes there were many COVID reports from hospital intensive care units.

Privacy needed

“You could not see them, could not see who they were,” said Ozar. Personal identification “needs to be private,” he insists. He is adamant on that. Ozar serves as a consulting ethicist to medical, hospital, nursing and dental groups.

Journalists  argue that stories of human suffering are told best with the help of people willing to be identified, to show that real people are involved and have personal stories to tell. That often creates sympathy and a public willingness to help the stricken.

Otherwise, disasters seem impersonal, too big to comprehend.

Another lesson here is that ethicists do not always agree on what is ethical. Miller believes media need to pay more attention to human suffering in a health crisis, while Ozar says those suffering should not be identified.

What do you think?

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The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was founded in 2001 by the Chicago Headline Club (Chicago professional chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists) and Loyola University Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice. It partnered with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 2013. It is a free service.

Professional journalists are invited to contact the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists for guidance on ethics. Call 866-DILEMMA or ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org.

Political Endorsements Wane

Case Study, , , , , , , ,

http://www.tomliberman.com image

By Casey Bukro

Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists

The freelancer who contacted the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was troubled at learning that the Los Angeles Times and The Washington Post had stopped endorsing presidential candidates prior to the last election.

“I realize a newspaper isn’t necessarily required to issue a presidential endorsement, but both papers have a long history of doing so, so the decision not to do one is clearly a deviation from the norm, and I’d expect that would require a valid and ethical reason. So far, the reasons provided by both publications are far from transparent or satisfactory.”

The anguished journalist admitted the endorsement issue is “weighing heavily on me since I’ve already become incredibly disillusioned with my own industry over coverage of this election…. I fear the news media already has and continues to fail its responsibility to upholding democracy.”

A retreat

Clearly, the journalist is upset at seeing a retreat from an historic media responsibility for leading public opinion at a time when parts of the media industry are redefining themselves. And give her credit for taking journalism and its responsibilities seriously.

The endorsement issue captured national attention during a wild election campaign involving a candidate known to punish those deemed disloyal to him, sowing an undercurrent of fear and caution in the media.

But this was happening at a time when political endorsements are not as common as we might think.

Once ubiquitous

“While such plugs were once ubiquitous, they’ve faded in recent decades,” reported mentalfloss.com. It said a survey by Editor & Publisher “showed that by 1996, almost 70 percent of newspapers weren’t endorsing presidential candidates….”

“Part of this is probably a reluctance to engage in partisan politics, but it also probably speaks to the decline of the newspaper as a central aspect of Americans’ lives.

“With so many avenues available for voters to get to know the candidates, it seems rather quaint to think of anyone voting how an editor tells them to.”

Social media impact

That’s another way social media changed the way journalism and the American public operate.

Two highly circulated newspapers, USA Today and The Wall Street Journal, do not endorse political candidates. The last time WSJ endorsed a candidate was in 1928, plugging for Herbert Hoover, considered “the soundest proposition for those with a financial stake in the country.” A disastrous stock market crash soon followed, souring The Journal on endorsements.

“Big headlines popped up in media circles…when the billionaire owners of The Washington Post and Los Angeles Times blocked editorials that would have endorsed Kamala Harris,” wrote Rick Edmonds of the Poynter Institute in an article explaining “why newspaper presidential endorsements have become an endangered species.”

Resignations

The blocked editorials resulted in resignations at the Times and an angry petition from opinion writers at the Post. The Times admitted losing thousands of readers because of their decision.

“I had already been looking at regional papers, where the steady move away from taking sides in presidential elections has become an epidemic,” wrote Edmonds.

“Independent, locally owned organizations dominate the shrinking list of holdouts,” said Edmonds. “Here, too, disengagement is becoming a trend.”

Murky

That included the Minnesota Star Tribune, which published an explanation, said Edmonds, “that reads, to me, as many such do: murky and excuse-filled.”

The shadow of presidential reprisals hovers over media, along with deep public distrust of media. Among Edmonds’ reasons for ending political handicapping is one that touches on public perceptions. 

“No matters how many times the clarification is offered that an editorial board and the newsroom operate separately, many readers don’t see the distinction or don’t believe there is one.”

Ethics issue

This becomes solidly a media ethics issue.

Other issues Edmonds cited include pinched staffs and space, a belief that readers don’t want editors telling them what to think and the argument that regional papers don’t speak with authority on national matters.

The New York Times among national newspapers still endorses political candidates.

Partly from the public blowback from blocking endorsements, the owners at The Washington Post and the Los Angeles Times issued statements.

Tip scales

Jeff Bezos, owner of The Washington Post, said: “Presidential endorsements do nothing to tip scales of an election. No undecided voters in Pennsylvania are doing to say, ‘I’m going with Newspaper A’s endorsement.’ None. What presidential endorsements actually do is create a perception of bias. A perception of non-independence.”

Similarly, Times owner Dr. Patrick Soon- Shiong, said in an interview: “The process was (to decide): how do we actually best inform our readers? And there could be nobody better than us who try to sift the facts from fiction” while leaving it to readers to make their own final decisions. He feared picking a candidate would create deeper divisions in a nation already deeply divided over politics.

Some writers, like Jerry Moore of The Hill publication, reacted to declining political endorsements by saying: “What took them so long?” He thinks they have “outlived their purpose.”

Muddy waters

Political endorsements “muddy the waters of a newspaper’s independence,” he wrote. “A candidate favored by editorial board members becomes ‘their’ candidate moving forward.”

While “some journalists are calling it a betrayal of democratic responsibility,” writes David Artavia in yahoo!news.

That was exactly the point raised by Tara, the freelancer who came to the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists looking for advice.

Providing facts

The AdviceLine advisor, David Craig, wrote in his report on the case: “We discussed her question but also two broader issues: the more general practice of newspaper endorsements of presidential candidates, beyond the two instances she raised. And her concern about whether (apart from editorial page choices) the normal approach to news reporting of just providing the facts – and the conventional frameworks of journalism ethics – work in what she saw as abnormal times with a threat to democracy if Donald Trump were re-elected.

“I told her I thought the decisions by the Times and Post owners were questionable from the standpoint of the principle of the (Society of Professional Journalists) code of being accountable and transparent, especially since the decision not to endorse was different from the recent past for these publications and came so close to the election.

After backlash

“I think they should have better explained the decisions both internally and externally, though Post owner Jeff Bezos did publish an opinion piece explaining his decision after backlash. I also told her I thought they violated the principle of acting independently by blocking the editorial boards from endorsement.

“She said she felt more comfortable about how she had understood the ethics of the decisions after hearing my perspective, which was essentially in line with hers.”

As for the broader issue of newspaper endorsements, Craig “noted my concern about possible negative impact on audience trust given the widespread distrust of news media today and perceptions of bias.”

Hold to principles

Addressing the broader concerns about the state of journalism, Craig urged the freelancer “to hold to the SPJ code’s principles of seeking truth, minimizing harm, acting independently and being accountable and transparent because they are not just journalism principles but human principles.

“Although there was no specific decision at issue here, it was evident she takes these matters very seriously, and she appreciated getting to talk about them.”

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The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists was founded in 2001 by the Chicago Headline Club (Chicago professional chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists) and Loyola University Chicago Center for Ethics and Social Justice. It partnered with the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 2013. It is a free service.

Professional journalists are invited to contact the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists for guidance on ethics. Call 866-DILEMMA or ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org.